Anatomy
The comb is a radiator
Chickens do not sweat. With no glands in the skin, every bit of surplus
heat has to leave through the respiratory tract or through bare skin —
which is what the comb and wattles are for. They are dense with blood
vessels sitting close to the air, and on a hot afternoon a bird can shed
a meaningful share of its heat load through them.
That also explains geography. Breeds developed in Mediterranean heat
carry enormous floppy combs; breeds from Canada and northern Europe
have small, tight cushion combs that resist frostbite. The same organ,
tuned in opposite directions by climate.
The colour is not decoration either. A pale, shrunken comb is one of the
first visible signs that a hen has stopped laying or is unwell, which is
why keepers check it before anything else.